In an open heart bypass procedure, surgeons need to cut the chest open to access to the heart. This creates a large scar and requires

An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital heart defect where there is a hole in the atrial septum, the wall which separates the right

Mini–AVR stands for minimally invasive aortic valve replacement with minimal incision and minimal trauma.

Heart bypass surgery creates a new route, called a bypass, for blood and oxygen to reach your heart.

COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DVR Double valve replacement;